This Day in History:

September 1

Happy, Happies to:

*1854 Engelbert Humperdinck opera composer

*1875 Edgar Rice Burroughs writer

*1923 Rocky Marciano [Rocco Marchegiano] boxer

*1924 Yvonne DeCarlo [Peggy Yvonne Middleton] actress (Lilly Munster)

Farewells to:

*1159 Pope Adrian IV died. He was originally Nicholas Breakspear and was the only Englishman to be Pope. He was elected Pope in 1154.

*1557 Jacques Cartier, French explorer, died

*1715 Louis XIV, the great, king of France (1643-1715), died at 76

*1838 William Clark, explorer, died at 68

*1862 Philip Kearny, US Union major-general/soldier of fortune, died in battle at 48

*1967 Siegfried L Sassoon, English poet/writer (Counterattack), died at 80

*1981 Albert Speer, German NSDAP-architect/minister of Army passed away at 76

*1986 Murray Hamilton, character actor, died at 63

On This Day In:

* 891 - Arnulf defeated the Vikings from Scandinavia at the battle of Louvain in Belgium.

*1807 - Former US Vice President Aaron Burr was acquitted of treason charges (a scheme to take the Louisiana Territory away from Spain and establish a new Republic)

*1810 - John J. Wood patented the first plow with interchangeable parts.

*1830 - Sarah J. Hale published her nursery rhyme, 'Mary had a little lamb'.

*1858 - The East India Company's government of India ended with the British crown taking over its territories and duties.

*1859 - The Pullman sleeping car, built by George Pullman's company with help from Ben Field, was put into service.

*1862 - Battle at Chantilly (Ox Hill) Virginia

*1864 - In the American Civil War, the Confederates under Gen. John Hood abandoned the city of Atlanta. It was occupied by Gen. Sherman the next day and soon set ablaze.

*1865 - Joseph Lister performed first antiseptic surgery

*1870 - In the Franco-Prussian War, the French under Napoleon III were heavily defeated by the Prussians under Moltke at the battle of Sedan. This defeat opened the path to Paris.

*1878 - Emma Nutt became the first woman telephone operator when she went to work for Edwin Holmes and his Telephone Dispatch Company in Boston, Massachusetts.

*1887 - A patent was file for by Emile Berliner for his invention, the lateral-cut, flat-disk gramophone; better known as the record player. Emile got the patent, but the glory went to Thomas Edison for making his American invention work.

*1914 - St Petersburg, Russia changed its name to Petrograd

*1923 - The Japanese cities of Tokyo and Yokohama were devastated by an earthquake that claimed some 150,000 lives.

*1939 - Germany invaded Poland with 1.8 million troops, beginning World War II. The invasion took place one week after the governments of Germany and the Soviet Union signed a secret pact of non-aggression. Two days after the invasion, England and France declared war on Germany.

*1942 - A federal judge in Sacramento, California, upheld the wartime detention of Japanese-Americans as well as Japanese nationals.

*1944 - The movie Arsenic and Old Lace, starring Cary Grant, opened in New York.

*1945 - The United States received official word of Japan's formal surrender that ended World War II. In Japan, it was actually September 2nd.

*1967 - An Arab summit lifted the oil embargo on Western states imposed during the Six-Day war.

*1969 - Military officers overthrew the Libyan government, and Col. Moammar Gadhafi came to power.

*1971 - It was a Major League Baseball first when Pittsburgh Pirates manager, Danny Murtaugh, gave his lineup card to the umpire containing the names of nine black baseball players.

*1972 - Robert "Bobby" Fischer, United States chess player, defeated Soviet player Boris Spassky in Reykjavik, Iceland, becoming the United States' first player to officially win the World Chess Championship. Fisher's strange demands during tournaments, off-the-wall antics, and unexplained forfeiture of his world title brought him an uncharacteristic notoriety than most chess champions.

*1983 - Korean Air Lines (KAL) Flight 007, in route to Seoul, Korea, from New York City, was shot down by a Soviet plane, killing all 269 people on board. The KAL flight reportedly strayed more than 100 miles off course, flying over secret Soviet military bases. Debate continues today as to why the airliner was so far off course.

*1985 - A joint United States-French expedition located the wreck of the Titanic roughly 560 miles off the coast of Newfoundland. The "unsinkable" ocean-liner sunk in 1912 after hitting an iceberg. Twelve years after the wreck's location, the movie Titanic went on to break box office records.

*2004 - More than 1,100 people were taken hostage by heavily armed Chechen militants at a school in Beslan in southern Russia; more than 330 people, most of them children, were killed during the three-day ordeal.

This Day in History:

SEPTEMBER 2

Happy, Happies to:

*1837 James Harrison Wilson, Major General (Union volunteers), Cavalry commander

*1850 Albert G. Spalding American baseball player and sporting-goods manufacturer

*1856 Yang Hsiu-ch'ing, commander in chief of the Taiping Rebellion

*1966 Salma Hayek actress.

Farewells to:

*1547 Hernando Cortes, Spanish general defeated Aztec Indians

*1953 Jonathan Wainwright, highest-ranking US POW, surrendered US forces in the Philippines., of a stroke.

*1973 John R R Tolkien, British story writer (Hobbitt), died of ulcer at 81

*2001 Christiaan Barnard, South African surgeon who performed the first human heart transplant operation, died at 79

*2005 Bob Denver, actor (Maynard G Krebs, Gilligan), died at 70

On This Day In:

* 490 BC - The Athenian trained runner Pheidippides left the town of Marathon for the city of Sparta (both in Ancient Greece) to seek help against the invading Persian army. Despite not being able to recruit Spartan troops, Athenian troops defeated Persian forces. Pheidippides then ran to Athens to carry the news of the victory, an event that later marked the beginning of modern marathons. A yearly race from Marathon to Athens commemorates Pheidippides's feat.

*31 BC - At the naval battle of Actium off the coast of Greece, Roman leader Octavian defeated the alliance of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt. The following year Mark Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide. Octavian later became the first Roman Emperor with the title of Augustus Ceasar. The Battle of Actium helped Octavian to control the entire Roman World.

*1666 - The Great Fire of London began in a baker's shop and rapidly spread throughout the city, destroying most of London's buildings and houses. To rebuild the city, Londoners used stone and brick instead of timber, the common building material at the time. It was this fire that prompted the first fire insurance policy.

*1752 - The last day of the Julian calendar in Britain and its colonies. It was replaced by the Gregorian calendar and parliament decided an 11-day discrepancy between the two would be rectified by making the following day September 14.

*1789 - An act of Congress organized the United States Treasury Department, the third presidential cabinet department.

*1807 - The British began bombarding Copenhagen to stop Napoleon from using the Danish fleet against Britain.

*1870 - Napoleon III capitulated to the Prussian forces at the Battle of Sedan, France. This led to the fall of the Second French Empire.

*1880 - Using three towers illuminating light 100 feet above the playing field, teams from the department stores of Jordan Marsh and R.H. White staged the first night game.

*1898 - Lord Kitchener's Anglo-Egyptian forces decisively defeated the Dervishes at the Battle of Omdurman, Sudan.

*1901 - U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt made his famous speech in which he said America should "speak softly and carry a big stick."

*1940 - Britain and the United States signed a deal giving Britain 50 aged destroyers in exchange for permission for the United States to use British naval bases in the West Indies.

*1942 – Pilot George Herbert Walker Bush, the youngest flyer in the US Navy, was shot down on a bombing run over Chichi Jima. He was rescued by the submarine USS Finback

*1945 - Today United States President Harry S Truman proclaimed as Victory-over-Japan Day otherwise known as V-J Day or Victory Day. While an informal surrender was given by Japan on August 14, 1945, today was so named because it was this day that the official ratification of the Japanese surrender to the Allies was made aboard the "USS Missouri" in Tokyo Bay (Far Eastern Time).

*1963 - Alabama Governor George Wallace stopped public school integration of blacks and whites by encircling Tuskegee High School with a cordon of state troopers.

*1963 - The Angels became the first white all-female group to have a No.1 record. The song was My Boyfriend's Back.

*1969 - NBC-TV canceled Star Trek. The show had debuted on September 8, 1966

*1990 - Canadian soldiers seized control of an outpost of Mohawk Indians near Montreal, ending a 53-day armed standoff.

*2008 - This is National Beheading Day (really)

This Day in History:

SEPTEMBER 3

Happy, Happies to:

*1596 Nicolo Amati violin maker

*1860 Edward Albert Filene merchant, philanthropist

*1875 Ferdinand Porsche auto designer (Volkswagen)

*1907 Loren Eiseley American anthropologist, educator and author

*1913 Alan Ladd actor

Farewells to:

*1658 Oliver Cromwell, British general (1653-58)/Lord Protector, died at 59

*1962 e e cummings, poet and painter, died at age 67 in North Conway, New Hampshire.

*1967 Woody Guthrie, folk musician, died of Huntington's Chorea at 55

*1969 Ho Chi Minh, [Nguyen Ta't-Tanh], N Vietnamese president, died at 79

*1970 Vince Lombardi, football coach (Packers), died in Washington DC at 57

*1991 Frank Capra, Italian-born United States film director and three-time Oscar winner, died.

On This Day In:

*1650 - The Scots were routed by the English, led by Oliver Cromwell, at the Battle of Dunbar in Scotland.

*1697 - King William's War in America ended with the Treaty of Ryswick

*1758 - The Marquis of Tavora and his wife led a revolt in Portugal against King Joseph I; the king was wounded but the plotters were soon arrested.

*1759 - The expulsion of Jesuits began in Portugal as a result of conspiracy of 1758.

*1783 - The Paris Peace Treaty was signed between the United States and Great Britain, officially ending the American Revolutionary War for independence. The treaty was signed by David Hartley (representing Great Britain) and by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay (representing the United States). John Jay would later become Governor of the State of New York.

*1791 - The French Constitution was passed by the National Assembly, making France a constitutional monarchy.

*1838 - Dressed as a sailor and carrying borrowed identification papers, Frederick Douglass escaped from bondage in Baltimore, Maryland (a slave state), and eventually arrived in New York City. Douglass later became a great orator and one of the leaders of the anti-slavery struggle.

*1861 – In one of the major blunders of the American Civil War, Confederate forces, under Bishop Leonidas Polk, entered Kentucky, ending its neutrality

*1879 - After a month-long siege, British residents in Kabul were massacred by Afghan troops.

*1917 - First night bombing of London by German fighter planes

*1917 - German troops over-ran Riga, Latvia

*1918 - The allies forced the Germans back across the Hindenburg Line, which they had crossed in March.

*1925 - The United States dirigible Shenandoah, the first airship to use helium gas, ran into a storm over southern Ohio and broke up in the air with the loss of 14 officers and men.

*1929 - Today was the peak of the 1920's bull market when the Dow Jones industrial average closed at 381.17.

*1935 - Sir Malcolm Campbell became the first person to drive over 300 miles per hour in an automobile. Campbell drove his Bluebird Special on Utah's Bonneville Salt Flats at a speed of 304.331 MPH.

*1939 - British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, in a radio broadcast, announced that Britain and France had declared war on Germany.

*1939 - German U-boat sank British passenger ship Athenia

*1943 - Italy was invaded by the British 8th Army during World War II.

*1967 - Sweden changed to driving on the right.

*1967 - What’s My Line aired for the last time on CBS-TV after 17 years. John Daly served as the show's host. On the first episode of the show, the panelists were: Dorothy Kilgallen, Louis Untermeyer, Dr. Richard Hoffman and New Jersey Governor Harold Hoffman. Shortly after the show's start Arlene Francis and Bennett Cerf joined. For 15 years, Kilgallen, Cerf and Francis were the continuing regulars. For short intervals Fred Allen, Hal Block and Steve Allen served as regular panelists at different times.

*1976 - The U.S. spacecraft Viking 2 landed on Mars and began sending back photographs of the Martian landscape.

*1991 - Wanda Holloway of Channelview, Texas, was convicted on this date of trying to hire a hit man to kill the mother of her daughter's cheerleader rival in junior high school. Holloway felt that if the mother of Amber Heath was killed, the girl would be so distraught that Shanna, Holloway's daughter, would replace her on the school cheer squad. The verdict came after five days of testimony in the bizarre case. The incident was soon made into a made-for-television movie, and Holly Hunter earned an Emmy award and Beau Bridges received a Golden Globe award for their performances in The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom. The case was later thrown out and Holloway won a new trial in 1996.

*1994 - Russia and China formally ended decades of confrontation and agreed to cease aiming nuclear missiles at each other.

*1997 - Arizona Governor Fife Symington was convicted of lying to get millions in loans to shore up his collapsing real estate empire.

This Day in History:

SEPTEMBER 4

Happy, Happies to:

*1768 Francois Rene de Chateaubriand French poet, novelist

*1810 Donald McKay, US naval architect, built fastest clipper ships

*1850 Luigi Cadorna, Italian field marshal and Italian commander (WW I)

*1866 Simon Lake American inventor; submarine designer/builder

*1895 Nigel Bruce, British/US actor (Dr Watson-Sherlock Holmes)

*1918 Paul Harvey news commentator

*1949 Tom Watson championship golfer (and a class act)

*1981 Beyonce Knowles, singer

*2179 Nyota Uhura, Nairobi Kenya, Star Fleet communications officer (Star Trek)

Farewells to:

*1965 Albert Schweitzer, German/French missionary (Nobel 1954), died at 90

*1974 Creighton W Abrams, US general/army chief of staff (Vietnam), died at 59

*1989 Georges Simenon, writer of 84 books based on the detective character Inspector Maigret, died.

*1991 Dottie West died in Nashville, Tennessee, of liver and heart failure as a result of a one-car crash earlier in the week. The popular country singer underwent three operations, but doctors were unable to repair her ruptured liver. West was 58 years old.

*1993 Herve Villechaize, actor (Fantasy Island), shot himself to death at 50

*2004 Janet Leigh died in her sleep at 77.

On This Day In:

* 476 - Romulus Augustulus, the last Roman emperor of the West Empire, was deposed.

*1609 - English navigator Henry Hudson, working for the Dutch East India Company, arrived at the island of Manhattan, before sailing up the river that now bears his name. In making his trip up the river, Hudson claimed the area for the Dutch and opened the land for the settlers who followed.

*1682 - English astronomer Edmund Halley first saw the comet that bears his name.

*1781 - Los Angeles was founded by Spanish settlers and named ``El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora La Reina de Los Angeles'' (The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels).

*1833 - After answering an ad in "The New York Sun", Barney Flahery became the first newsboy. Ten-year old Barney really became what we now call a paperboy.

*1886 - Legendary Apache leader Geronimo surrendered to Gen. Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon, Arizona, ending the last major United States-Indian conflict. Miles lied to Geronimo, promising him that he would be reunited with his family and that the US would grant him a pardon for his actions. Instead, he was made a prisoner of war and banned from his homeland, Arizona.

*1888 - George Eastman of Rochester, New York, registered the name Kodak. Eastman patented his roll-film camera, United States Patent #388,850.

*1917 - The American expeditionary force in France suffered its first fatalities in World War I.

*1918 - US troops landed in Archangel, Russia; they stayed about ten months

*1921 - The first police broadcast was made by radio station WIL in St. Louis, Missouri.

*1941 - US destroyer Greer was fired on by a German submarine (The Greer had been shadowing the submarine while on a transport mission to Argentia.)

*1944 - Brussels and Antwerp in Belgium were liberated by British and Canadian troops in World War II.

*1945 - The United States regained possession of Wake Island from Japan.

*1951 - Viewers across the United States saw the first coast-to-coast telecast using coaxial cable. This first telecast featured United States President Harry S. Truman speaking to the nation from the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco, California.

*1957 - Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus ordered National Guard troops to turn away nine black students trying to enter the formerly whites-only Central High School.

*1957 - The Ford Motor Company introduced the Edsel.

*1964 - On CBS, "Gilligan’s Island" began its 98-episode run. The television show starred Bob Denver as Gilligan, Jim Backus as Mr. Howell, Natalie Schafer as Lovey Howell, Alan Hale as the Skipper, Russell Johnson as the Professor, Dawn Wells as Mary Ann, and Tina Louise as Ginger.

*1968 - Street Fighting Man, by the Rolling Stones, was banned in several cities in the U.S. Authorities feared it might incite public disorder.

*1987 - West German pilot Mathias Rust, who eluded Soviet air defenses to fly into Moscow, was sentenced to four years in a labor camp.

*1997 - Three Buddhist nuns acknowledged in testimony to the U.S. Senate that their temple outside Los Angeles illegally reimbursed donors after a fund-raiser attended by Vice President Al Gore, and later destroyed or altered records.

This Day in History:

SEPTEMBER 5

<u>Happy, Happies to:</u>

*1638 Louis XIV King of France, the “Sun King”

*1847 Jesse James Wild West outlaw

*1902 Darryl F. [Francis] Zanuck producer

*1929 Bob Newhart comedian

*1942 Raquel Welch [Tejada] actress

*1946 Freddie Mercury [Farookh Bulsara] singer (Queen)

Farewells to:

*1566 Suleiman I, Great Law Giver, sultan of Turkey (1520-66), dies at 71

*1877 Crazy Horse was fatally bayoneted by a US soldier after resisting arrest at Fort Robinson, Nebraska. A year earlier, Crazy Horse had led combined Sioux-Cheyenne forces to victory over George A. Custer's troops at the Battle of Little Bighorn, Montana. Crazy Horse was killed when he was only 34 years of age.

*1988 Gert Froebe, actor (Goldfinger), died at 75

*1997 Mother Teresa (Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu) died of a heart attack at her Missionaries of Charity headquarters in Calcutta, India. The Albanian nun had celebrated her 87th birthday just nine days earlier. The recipient of the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize, Mother Teresa gave hope to millions - caring for, helping and listening to the poor and downtrodden.

On This Day In:

*1634 - Battle at Nordlingen: King Ferdinand III & Spain defeated Sweden & German protestants

*1698 - Russia's Peter the Great imposed a tax on beards

*1755 - Forced deportation began of all Acadian citizens from Nova Scotia by the British (in the years following, tens of thousands of people were dispersed to the thirteen American colonies until, in 1764, the Acadians are allowed to return)

*1774 - The first Continental Congress of the 13 United States colonies met in Philadelphia with all attending except Georgia. It ended on October 26 with criticism of British influence in North America.

*1781 - Battle of Virginia Capes: the French Fleet drove off a British attempt to relieve Yorktown, trapping Cornwallis there

*1793 - In France, the Reign of Terror began.

*1882 - In New York City, the first Labor Day holiday parade was held. The festivities were sponsored by the Central Labor Union. A total of 10,000 workers, all male, took part in the parade.

*1885 - The first gasoline pump produced in the United States was purchased by Jake Gumper of Ft. Wayne, Indiana. It was invented by one Sylvanus Bowser.

*1905 - The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed by Russia and Japan to end the Russo-Japanese War.

*1914 - The First Battle of the Marne began. German, British and French troops fought for six days, killing half a million people.

*1921 - Silent film comedian Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle was accused of the rape and accidental murder of young film actress Virginia Rappe, in what would be referred to as the "Fatty Arbuckle Scandal." On this date, Rappe's bloodied body was found in a San Francisco hotel suite. She died in a hospital three days later from massive injuries, which included a ruptured bladder and peritonitis. Arbuckle had hosted a wild, three-day party at the hotel during the Labor Day weekend. Although Arbuckle was ultimately acquitted of any wrongdoing by a jury, his brilliant film acting career was destroyed. He had been one of the most popular (and highest-paid) film comedians of the silent era, second only to Charlie Chaplin. Arbuckle's films were banned and, at age 37, he was a despondent has-been. Under an assumed name, Arbuckle continued to work infrequently on low-budget films as a director, and he died twelve years after Rappe, penniless. Arbuckle was apparently set up by a venal woman named Maude Delmont, known as "Madame Black," who provided girls for parties and then had the girl claim she was raped by a prominent director or producer. Concerned about his career, the victim would submit to Delmont's request for money to keep the story out of the press. When Rappe died a few days after the party, from a condition unrelated to the events at the St. Francis Hotel, Delmont gave Fatty Arbuckle's name to the police.

*1945 - Japanese-American Iva Toguri D'Aquino, suspected of being the World War II propaganda radio broadcaster Tokyo Rose, was arrested in Yokohama. She served six years for treason.

*1956 - I Walk the Line was Johnny Cash's debut song, which climbed to #17 on the pop music charts.

*1958 - Russian writer Boris Pasternak's masterpiece Doctor Zhivago was first published in the United States. Having finished his novel in 1956, the book had to be smuggled out of the Soviet Union to be published in the West. Doctor Zhivago is an epic of love and spiritual isolation amid the harshness of the Russian Revolution and its aftermath. That same year Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize of Literature.

*1960 - At the Olympic Games in Rome, Italy, Cassius Clay of Louisville, Kentucky won the gold medal in light heavyweight boxing. Later, Clay changed his name to Muhammad Ali and became one of the world's greatest boxing champions. At the Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1996, Muhammad Ali lit the Olympic flame.

*1972 - During the Olympic Games in Munich, West Germany, eleven members of the Israeli Olympic team were killed by members of the Black September Faction of the Palestinian Liberation Army. Five of the eight guerrillas were also killed. In retaliation, Israeli jets bombed Palestinian positions in Lebanon and Syria three days later.

*1983 - United States President Reagan denounced the Soviet Union for shooting down a Korean Air Lines jet. Reagan demanded that the Soviet Union pay reparations for the act that killed 269 people.

*1987 - "American Bandstand," hosted by Dick Clark, was canceled after 30 years on television.

*1991 - The congress of people's deputies dissolved the U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). After 70 years of tight, centralized control, the nation became a loosely-held together federation called the Union of Sovereign States.

*1996 - Computer scientists discovered the largest known prime number while testing a Cray T94 computer system (it has 378,632 digits and can be expressed as two to the 1,257,787th power minus 1)

This Day in History:

SEPTEMBER 6

Happy, Happies to:

*1757 Marquis de Lafayette French and American General

*1819 William Starke Rosecrans, Major General (Union volunteers)

*1860 Jane Addams social worker for peace and women’s rights

*1890 Claire Chennault American brigadier general; led the Flying Tigers

Farewells to:

*1970 Arthur William Sidney Herrington, American engineer and manufacturer who developed a series of military vehicles, the best known of which was the World War II jeep, died at 79

*1984 Ernest Tubbs, country music star, died at age 70. Tubb was from Crisp, Texas and was called the "Texas Troubadour". He styled his technique after Jimmie Rodgers. Tubbs recorded I’m Walking the Floor Over You of which he sold over three million copies. Blue Christmas, I Love You Because, Missing In Action and Thanks a Lot were also made famous by Tubbs. Since 1943, Tubbs was a member of the Grand Ole Opry and in 1965, was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame.

*1994 Nicky Hopkins, rock pianist/sideman, died at 50

*1966 Margaret Sanger, American birth-control champion who founded the first U.S. birth-control clinic in Brooklyn, New York in 1916, died at 86

On This Day In:

*1522 - Juan Sebastian Del Cano completed the first circumnavigation of the world. (He was the captain of one of Magellan’s boats – the one that made it)

*1634 – At the Battle of Nordlingen, the Imperialist/Spanish forces defeated the Protestant armies, effectively ending Sweden’s attempt to dominate Germany.

*1666 - The Great Fire of London ended after destroying much of the city in a conflagration that began on September 2. Ninety-seven churches burned to the ground, including St Paul's Cathedral.

*1706 - French troops besieging Turin under the command of the Duke of Orleans were defeated by Austrians under Prince Eugene, ending French attempts to capture northern Italy.

*1714 - The Treaty of Baden was signed between the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and France, ending War of Spanish Succession. Charles ceded Alsace and Strasbourg to France and got back Breisach, Kehl and Freiburg.

*1813 - The nickname "Uncle Sam" was first used as a symbolic reference to the United States in an editorial in the Troy Post of New York.

*1813 - The French army led by Michel Ney was defeated by the Allied European armies at Dennewitz, Germany, during the Napoleonic Wars.

*1819 - The lathe was patented by Thomas Blanchard of Middlebury, Connecticut. Blanchard said he invented it for manufacturing gun stocks. The lathe did the work of 13 operators.

*1860 - Gius